• Schema building: all groups
• Top-Down Processing: The beginning group and the advanced group did this (tried to get the big picture)
• Bottom-Up Processing: The intermediate group did this, trying to make meaning from recognizable words
• Interactive Processing: The more people knew, the more of this they did
• Prediction/Guessing: We all guessed.
• Inference (higher order skill)
• Monitoring
• Clarifying
• Responding
• Evaluating
• Listening for the gist
• Listening for specific information
• Listening between the lines

Interactional v. transactional exchanges: social purpose v. functional purpose.

Canale & Swain’s Communicative Competence Model

• Grammatical: Parts of speech, syntax, grammar rules (e.g. tense), phonology (including intonation), morphology, vocabulary
• Sociolinguistic: Pragmatics, social setting and rules, tone, choice of words
• Strategic: Negotiation of meaning, avoidance, rephrasing, inference/guessing
• Discourse: Genre (purpose & intent), style (formal, informal and infinite subsets), communication above sentence level (i.e. cohesion and coherence: how the string of sentences fit together)

There’s a lot of overlap between these four categories; e.g. vocabulary fits in grammar and sociolinguistics.

It’s essential that we cover these areas with our students.